Estun Automation
China's largest industrial-robot maker, vertically integrated motion control. Public — Shenzhen Stock Exchange (dual-listed HKEX) (China): 002747.SZ. ~US$4.9B (¥35.16B CNY) as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
Company registry
181 entries
Components: actuators, reducers, screws, bearings, motors, encoders
Ewellix
Swedish roller-screw maker, #3 globally, owned by Schaeffler. Subsidiary (Sweden); listed parent XETRA: SHA0.DE. Acquired by Schaeffler 2022 at ~€582M EV plus ~€120M net debt. Full entry · Primary
Harmonic Drive Systems (HDS)
Japanese strain-wave reducer incumbent, ~80% global share. Public — Tokyo Stock Exchange (Japan): 6324. ~US$4.4B (¥685.4B) as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
Heidenhain (DR. JOHANNES HEIDENHAIN GmbH)
German high-precision encoder incumbent. Private (Germany). No disclosed valuation; ~€1.3B group revenue (2024). Full entry · Primary
HIWIN Technologies
Taiwan's linear-motion and ball-screw champion. Public — Taiwan Stock Exchange (Taiwan): 2049.TW. ~US$3.5B (NT$112.15B) as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
Inovance Technology
China's dominant servo-drive/servo-motor maker. Public — Shenzhen ChiNext (China): 300124.SZ. ~US$22.7B (¥163.08B CNY) as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
Kollmorgen (Regal Rexnord)
US frameless torque-motor maker, high-end duopoly seat. Subsidiary (US); listed parent NYSE: RRX. Not separately valued; parent Regal Rexnord US$13.99B mkt cap as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
Leaderdrive (Leader Harmonious Drive Systems)
China's largest harmonic reducer maker, challenger to HDS. Public — SSE STAR Market (China): 688017.SS. ~US$9.9B (¥70.92B CNY) as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
Nabtesco
Japanese RV/cycloidal reducer incumbent for industrial arms. Public — Tokyo Stock Exchange (Japan): 6268. ~US$3.9B (¥606.5B) as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
Nippon Thompson (IKO)
Japanese needle-roller-bearing maker, sub-5-micron grinding capacity. Public — Tokyo Stock Exchange (Japan): 6480. ~US$0.9B (¥139.2B) as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
Renishaw (and RLS)
UK metrology group, RLS makes AksIM encoders for robot joints. Public — London Stock Exchange (UK): RSW.L. ~US$4.7B (£3.51B) as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
Rollvis SA
Swiss planetary roller-screw maker, #2 globally, owned by GSA. Private (Switzerland). No disclosed valuation; privately held, no funding rounds. Full entry · Primary
Sanhua Intelligent Controls
Chinese thermal-management giant, top Optimus actuator assembler. Public — Shenzhen Stock Exchange (A+H) (China): 002050.SZ. ~US$23.3B (¥167.44B CNY) as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
Schaeffler AG
German bearings group, owner of Ewellix, humanoid actuator entrant. Public — XETRA (Germany): SHA0. €8.08B as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
SKF (AB SKF)
Swedish bearings incumbent, origin of Ewellix. Public — Nasdaq Stockholm (Sweden): SKF-B.ST. ~US$12.5B (SEK 118.29B) as of close 2026-07-13. Full entry · Primary
Spinea (a Timken company)
Slovak cycloidal reducer maker, owned by Timken. Subsidiary (Slovakia); listed parent NYSE: TKR. Not separately valued; parent Timken ~US$9.64B mkt cap as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
THK
World's largest linear-motion/ball-screw maker. Public — Tokyo Stock Exchange (Japan): 6481. ~US$5.2B (¥809.0B) as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
Tuopu Group
Ningbo auto-parts Tier-1, exclusive Optimus rotary-actuator supplier. Public — Shanghai Stock Exchange (China): 601689.SS. ~US$13.0B (¥93.76B CNY) as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
Zhaowei Machinery & Electronics
China's largest micro-transmission maker, dexterous-hand shipper. Public — Shenzhen Stock Exchange (China): 003021.SZ. ~US$2.8B (¥20.39B CNY) as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
Zhejiang Shuanghuan Driveline (Shuanghuan Transmission)
Chinese auto-gear giant turned precision-reducer volume entrant. Public — Shenzhen Stock Exchange (China): 002472.SZ. ~US$5.0B (¥36.03B CNY) as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
Minerals and magnets
China Northern Rare Earth (Group) High-Tech
World's largest rare-earth producer by volume, Bayan Obo access, state-controlled. Public — Shanghai Stock Exchange (China): 600111. CNY ~143.99B as of 2026-07-14 (+58.2% trailing year). Full entry · Primary
Cyclic Materials
Magnet-to-magnet recycler reaching heavy rare earths without mining. Private (Canada). Post-money not disclosed; US$75M Series C closed 23 Jan 2026, total equity funding above US$162M. Full entry · Primary
Energy Fuels
US uranium producer, only US site producing separated heavy rare earths. Public — NYSE American (US): UUUU. ~$3.27B as of 2026-07-14 (share price ~$13.25). Full entry · Primary
JL Mag Rare-Earth ("Jinli Permanent Magnet")
World's largest NdFeB magnet producer, supplier to Tesla/BYD/Toyota. Public — Shenzhen (China): 300748. CNY ~33.5B as of 2026-07-14 (Shenzhen A-share line); also HKEX-listed as 6680.HK since 2024. Full entry · Primary
Lynas Rare Earths
Largest rare-earth separator outside China, only heavy-RE producer outside China. Public — ASX (Australia): LYC. ~A$16.35B as of 2026-07-14 (share price A$16.24). Full entry · Primary
Molycorp (historical — 2015 Chapter 11)
Prior failed US rare-earth alternative supplier, cautionary precedent. Historical (US). ~$6B at 2010 IPO peak; equity worthless at filing; ~$1.7B debt restructured. Full entry · Primary
MP Materials
Integrated US rare-earth miner-separator-magnet maker, building DoD-backed supply outside China. Public — NYSE (US): MP. ~$9.29B as of 2026-07-10 (178.02M shares outstanding). Full entry · Primary
Neo Performance Materials
Western integrated oxide-to-magnet chain outside China (Estonia). Public — TSX (Canada): NEO. CAD ~1.92B as of 2026-07-14 (up ~229% trailing year). Full entry · Primary
Niron Magnetics
Iron-nitride rare-earth-free permanent magnet developer. Private (US). Post-money not disclosed; ~$214M total funding across 12 rounds (Tracxn, 2026). Full entry · Primary
Noveon Magnetics
Only US manufacturer of sintered NdFeB magnets. Private (US). Post-money not disclosed; $215M Series C closed 19 Jan 2026. Full entry · Primary
Proterial (ex-Hitachi Metals)
Japanese NEOMAX NdFeB magnet maker, non-Chinese incumbent. Private (Japan). No listed market cap (taken private); Bain-led tender ~$5.7B equity, ~$7.5B incl. debt. Full entry · Primary
REEtec
Norwegian rare-earth separation company, first industrial REE plant in Europe outside Estonia. Private (Norway). No post-money disclosed; NOK 1.2B (~EUR 115M) raised. Full entry · Primary
USA Rare Earth
Vertically-integrating US rare-earth-to-magnet company, China-blacklisted. Public — NASDAQ (US): USAR. ~$4.16B as of 2026-07-14 (share price ~$18.20). Full entry · Primary
Vulcan Elements
De-novo US NdFeB magnet maker copying the MP state-backing template. Private (US). ~$2B, up from ~$200M, following Nov 2025 federal package. Full entry · Primary
ZF Friedrichshafen (I2SM magnet-free motor)
Maker of I2SM, most credible production-intent magnet-free traction motor. Private (Germany). No equity market cap (foundation-owned); FY2025 sales €38.8B, net debt €10.2B. Full entry · Primary
Humanoid and robot makers
1X Technologies (NEO / Redwood)
Home-humanoid maker, teleoperation-funded data flywheel. Private (Norway). last closed round $100M Series B (Jan 2024); ~$10B reported target since Sept 2025, not confirmed closed; ~$125M+ total disclosed funding. Full entry · Primary
AgiBot / Zhiyuan Robotics
World's #1 humanoid shipper by units, open-dataset publisher. Private (China). reported ~US$2.09B unicorn valuation (Dealroom, 2026); no company-confirmed post-money as of 2026-07-14; reportedly preparing HK IPO targeting HK$40-50B (~US$5.1-6.4B). Full entry · Primary
Agility Robotics (incl. the Churchill Capital Corp XI SPAC)
Most-deployed western humanoid platform, first RaaS commercial record. Private (US). ~$2.5B implied enterprise value in Churchill Capital Corp XI SPAC merger (announced 2026-06-24); >$620M gross proceeds expected; not yet trading as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
Anduril Industries
Defense-tech firm proving private hardware can reach audited government scale. Private (US). $61B post-money on $5B Series H (announced 2026-05-13); >$11B total raised. Full entry · Primary
Apptronik
Austin humanoid maker, Google DeepMind physical-embodiment partner. Private (US). ~$5.3B post-money on $520M Series A-X extension (announced 2026-02-11); >$935M total Series A. Full entry · Primary
Boston Dynamics (Hyundai Motor Group)
Captive robotics arm of Hyundai, all 2026 Atlas output committed in-house. Subsidiary (US); listed parent Korea Exchange (KOSPI): 005380.KS. ~$1.1B enterprise value at 2021 Hyundai control acquisition (last disclosed mark); parent Hyundai has a separate $26B US robotics-investment programme. Full entry · Primary
Clone Robotics
Artificial-muscle humanoid maker, actuator-chokepoint substitute case. Private (Poland). no priced institutional round disclosed; ~$7.1M total funding (Crunchbase/Tracxn, 2026); Republic crowdfunding round at ~$30M cap. Full entry · Primary
Dexterity
Non-humanoid warehouse-robot maker, sanity check on humanoid economics. Private (US). $1.65B post-money on $95M round (announced 2025-03-11); ~$300M total capital raised. Full entry · Primary
Figure AI
Best-funded western humanoid pure-play, BMW Spartanburg deployment. Private (US). $39B post-money, Series C >$1B (announced 2025-09-16). Full entry · Primary
Foundation Robotics / Foundation Future Industries (Phantom)
Defense-humanoid startup, Pentagon SBIR contractor and Ukraine test case. Private (US). no closed priced round disclosed; reportedly seeking ~$500M at $3B+ valuation (2026, not struck); ~$21M total funding raised to date. Full entry · Primary
Fourier (Fourier Intelligence, 傅利叶)
Shanghai rehab-humanoid maker with a paying healthcare vertical. Private (China). no post-money disclosed; ~US$246M total disclosed funding, most recent CNY 300M (~$43M) Series E+ closed 2025-08-01. Full entry · Primary
Galaxea AI
Beijing embodied-AI maker illustrating Chinese capital-frenzy funding pace. Private (China). >RMB 20B (~US$2.8-2.9B) after RMB 2B (~$291M) round (reported 2026-04-02). Full entry · Primary
Galbot
China's highest-valued unlisted embodied-AI firm, FamilyMart deployment. Private (China). >RMB 20B (~US$3B) after RMB 2.5B (~$362M) round (announced March 2026); ~RMB 7B (~$1B) cumulative funding in three years. Full entry · Primary
Reflex Robotics
Cheap wheeled-humanoid maker, third brand in GXO's multi-vendor incubator. Private (US). no valuation disclosed; ~$7.0-7.3M total seed funding (Crunchbase/Tracxn, 2026). Full entry · Primary
Sanctuary AI
Hydraulic-hand humanoid maker, negative control for deployment-record failure. Private (Canada). no post-money disclosed; ~US$130M cumulative funding through early 2026, anchored by a US$76M Series A (Nov 2022). Full entry · Primary
Tesla, Inc. (the Optimus program)
Vertically-integrated captive humanoid program, captive-demand proof point. Public — NASDAQ (US): TSLA. ~$1.53 trillion mkt cap (as of 2026-07-13). Full entry · Primary
UBTech Robotics
Listed Chinese humanoid maker with audited mass-production volume record. Public — HKEX (China): 9880.HK. HK$41.99B (~US$5.4B) at HK$83.55/share (as of 2026-07-14). Full entry · Primary
Unitree Robotics
Chinese price-floor setter for humanoid hardware, STAR Market IPO-bound. Private (China). implied post-money ~RMB 42B (~$5.9-6.2B) per approved STAR Market IPO registration (July 2026); IPO seeks ~RMB 4.2B (~$618M); not yet trading as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
XPeng (IRON)
Chinese EV maker running the automaker-captive humanoid playbook. Public — NYSE (China): XPEV. ~$12.68B at $13.26/share (as of 2026-07-14); also listed HKEX: 9868. Full entry · Primary
Labs and buyers of physical-world data
Alphabet / Google DeepMind
Hyperscaler running Gemini Robotics on owned data pipeline. Public — NASDAQ (US): GOOGL. ~$4.3T (as of 2026-07-10). Full entry · Primary
Amazon
Largest 2026 capex; DSP franchise is template for robot-operator network. Public — NASDAQ (US): AMZN. Not separately capitalised; parent Amazon.com Inc. is a multi-trillion-dollar public company; program has generated $58B cumulative revenue for DSP owners. Full entry · also · Primary
Anthropic
Frontier lab; benchmark for spend on RL environments vs labels. Private (US). $965B post-money (Series H, 2026-05-28, $65B raised). Full entry · Primary
Apple
Weakest robotics signal among megacaps; MP Materials magnet buyer. Public — NASDAQ (US): AAPL. ~$4.65T (July 2026). Full entry · Primary
ByteDance (Seed Robotics)
Trains GR-3 on human data captured via own VR headsets. Private (China). ~$550B implied (secondary stake sale, early 2026). Full entry · Primary
Hyundai Motor Group (and Boston Dynamics / RMAC)
Closed loop: owns Boston Dynamics, factories, and actuator supply chain. Public — Korea Exchange (KRX) (South Korea): 005380.KS. Hyundai Motor Co. ~₩109.75T (~$84.1B) (June 2026); Boston Dynamics does not report separately. Full entry · Primary
Meta Platforms
Ambient egocentric-capture funnel via smart glasses; bought 49% of Scale AI. Public — NASDAQ (US): META. ~$1.69T (as of 2026-07-10). Full entry · Primary
Microsoft
Largest hyperscaler capex line; OpenAI's landlord-turned-shareholder. Public — NASDAQ (US): MSFT. ~$3.07T (May 2026). Full entry · Primary
Mistral AI
European private-stack entry; contamination-sensitive benchmark exhibit. Private (France). €11.7B (~$14B) post-money (Series C, Sept 2025); in early talks for ~€20B (~$23B), unclosed as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
NVIDIA
Compute toll-taker, cross-investor in labs, source of EgoScale scaling law. Public — NASDAQ (US): NVDA. ~$4.9T (June 2026). Full entry · Primary
OpenAI
Largest AI compute buyer; restarted in-house robotics data collection. Private (US). $852B post-money (round closed 2026-03-31, on a $122B raise). Full entry · Primary
Physical Intelligence (π)
Self-collects robot demonstrations, open-sources model, keeps data. Private (US). $5.6B post-money confirmed (Series B, Nov 2025); reported in talks >$11B, unclosed as of 2026-07-13. Full entry · Primary
Safe Superintelligence (SSI)
Highest-valued AI lab with no product; pure research bet. Private (US). ~$32B (reported April 2025, on ~$6B raised since June 2024); no newer mark as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
Samsung Electronics / Rainbow Robotics
Megacap that bought control of a humanoid maker outright. Public — Korea Exchange (KRX) (South Korea): 005930.KS. Samsung Electronics ~$1.108T (₩1,611T) (2026-07-13); Rainbow Robotics ~₩12.99T (~$9-10B) (April 2026), Samsung-consolidated subsidiary since 2024-12-31. Full entry · Primary
Skild AI
Sim-first foundation-model buyer, pretrains largely in simulation. Private (US). >$14B post-money (Series C, ~$1.4B raised, 2026-01-14). Full entry · Primary
Thinking Machines Lab
Marker of where private AI capital's price discipline broke, then held. Private (US). $12B post-money (on a $2B seed, July 2025); $50-60B round talks collapsed by Jan 2026. Full entry · Primary
Wayve
Driving-foundation-model company; named Foxglove customer. Private (UK). $8.6B post-money (Series D, 2026-02-24); $8.5B secondary tender (2026-06-30). Full entry · Primary
World Labs
Spatial-intelligence lab; synthetic 3D data counter-case to captured data. Private (US). no disclosed post-money; ~$1.23B total raised; press-estimated ~$5B ahead of the Feb 2026 round. Full entry · Primary
xAI
Frontier lab absorbed into SpaceX via merger. Subsidiary (US); listed parent NASDAQ: SPCX. no standalone valuation; folded into SpaceX (NASDAQ: SPCX), which listed 2026-06-12 at ~$2.1T and fell toward its $135 IPO price by 2026-07-13; xAI itself was valued at $250B in the Feb 2026 merger (standalone Series E was $230B, Jan 2026). Full entry · Primary
Data vendors, RL environments, evals
Appen (ASX: APX)
Listed pre-LLM crowd data-annotation incumbent. Public — ASX (Australia): APX. A$239.0M as of 2026-07-14; down from ~A$4.3B 2020 peak. Full entry · Primary
DoorDash (NASDAQ: DASH) — the Tasks program
Gig-logistics platform turned real-world data-capture network. Public — NASDAQ (US): DASH. ~$82.4B as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
Encord
Multimodal data curation tooling for robotics/AVs, physical AI. Private (UK). ~$550M post-money at $60M/€50M Series C (2026); ~$110M total raised. Full entry · Primary
Epoch AI
Research nonprofit behind data-stock and scaling forecasts. Nonprofit (US). No valuation (nonprofit); funded by philanthropic grants (Open Philanthropy). Full entry · also · Primary
GLG (Gerson Lehrman Group)
World's largest pre-AI expert network. Private (US). no current public valuation; withdrew 2021/22 IPO filing. Full entry · Primary
Handshake (Handshake AI)
Recruiting network turned labeling vendor, acqui-hired Cleanlab. Private (US). ~$3.3B reported (Jan 2026, at Cleanlab acquisition); last priced round $3.5B (2022). Full entry · Primary
Harvey
Legal-AI vendor monetizing applied professional rules. Private (US). $11B post-money at $200M round (Mar 2026); up from $8B Dec 2025; >$1B total raised. Full entry · Primary
Innodata (NASDAQ: INOD)
Listed pure-play AI data-engineering vendor, audited revenue window. Public — NASDAQ (US): INOD. ~$2.2B as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
Invisible Technologies
Ops-plus-AI-data house, neutral vendor beneficiary. Private (US). >$2B at $100M round (Sep 2025, Vanara Capital-led); ~$144M total raised. Full entry · Primary
Labelbox
Labeling-tooling company turned data factory/expert marketplace. Private (US). ~$1B at $110M Series E (Oct 2025); ~$189M raised across five rounds. Full entry · Primary
Lightwheel
Simulation and egocentric-data infrastructure for embodied AI. Private (China). valued "north of $600M" after $145M Series B; further Ant Group-led round May 2026, terms undisclosed. Full entry · Primary
LMArena
Commercialized human-preference eval leaderboard. Private (US). $1.7B post-money at $150M Series A (Jan 2026); prior $600M seed (May 2025). Full entry · Primary
Mechanize
RL-environment startup building digital-office environments/evals. Private (US). no disclosed valuation; ~$9.1M total funding raised (angel/seed). Full entry · Primary
Mercor
Neutral expert-data marketplace for AI labs. Private (US). $10B post-money (Series C, Sep/Oct 2025); in talks as of 2026-07-09 for ~$20B (unclosed). Full entry · Primary
METR (Model Evaluation & Threat Research)
Independent non-commercial AI evaluations institute. Nonprofit (US). not applicable; nonprofit, ~$17M via Audacious Project (Oct 2024). Full entry · Primary
micro1
Egocentric/physical-capture data vendor shipping capture kits. Private (US). $500M post-money at $35M Series A (Sep 2025); later multibillion reports unconfirmed as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
Prime Intellect
Open RL-environment stack and hosted RL training/eval infra. Private (US). $1B post-money at $130M round (Jul 2026, NVIDIA NVentures-led). Full entry · Primary
Sama
Impact-sourcing annotation company (Kenya, Uganda, India). Private (US). no disclosed valuation; ~$84.8M total funding raised. Full entry · Primary
Scale AI (and the Meta stake)
Data-labeling incumbent, 49% owned by Meta. Private (US). ~$29B implied post-money at Meta deal (Jun 2025); prior $13.8B (May 2024). Full entry · Primary
Snorkel AI
Programmatic-labeling vendor turned expert-data/evaluator. Private (US). $1.3B post-money at $100M Series D (May 2025); ~$237M total raised. Full entry · Primary
Sunday Robotics
Home-robot company capturing manipulation data via Skill Capture Glove. Private (US). $1.15B post-money at $165M Series B (Mar 2026). Full entry · Primary
Surge AI
Bootstrapped RLHF/expert-data vendor, out-earned Scale. Private (US). no closed priced round; in talks (from Jul 2025) at ~$15-25B, unclosed as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
TELUS Digital
Enterprise CX/data-annotation arm, wholly owned by TELUS. Subsidiary (Canada); listed parent NYSE/TSX: T. take-private at ~US$2.9B enterprise value (closed 2025-10-31), now inside TELUS Corp. Full entry · Primary
Thomson Reuters (TRI)
Incumbent legal-rules corpus owner (Westlaw, CoCounsel). Public — NASDAQ (Canada): TRI. ~$41.1B as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
Turing
Coding-data and engineering-talent supplier to frontier labs. Private (US). $2.2B post-money at $111M Series E (Mar 2025); ~$225M raised to date. Full entry · Primary
Operators, deployment, fleet tooling
Ayvens (ex-LeasePlan / ALD Automotive)
Europe's largest fleet-management group, largest managed-vehicle pool. Public — Euronext Paris (France): AYV. €9.13B mkt cap as of 2026-07-14 (share price €11.66); majority-owned by Société Générale (~52.6%). Full entry · Primary
BMW Group
Flagship automotive humanoid customer (Figure AI at Spartanburg). Public — XETRA (Germany): BMW. €35.16B mkt cap as of 2026-07-14 (share price €57.32). Full entry · Primary
Eastworld Labs
Humanoid teleop-arbitrage accelerator stating the wage-arbitrage trade openly. Private (Malaysia). No equity valuation disclosed; funded onchain via Virtuals Protocol, no priced round disclosed. Full entry · Primary
Element Fleet Management
Fleet lessor behind Amazon DSP vans, proof of profitable operating layer. Public — TSX (Canada): EFN. C$11.87B mkt cap as of 2026-07-14 (share price C$29.62). Full entry · Primary
Formant
Cloud robot-operations/fleet-telemetry platform vendor. Private (US). No valuation disclosed; ~$39.1M total funding (Crunchbase, accessed 2026-07-14) across Seed, Series A, and BMW i Ventures-led $21M round. Full entry · Primary
Formic (Formic Technologies)
RaaS operator template for fixed industrial automation. Private (US). No valuation disclosed; ~$104M total funding (Crunchbase, accessed 2026-07-14). Full entry · Primary
Foxglove
Data/observability platform for physical AI, author of MCAP format. Private (US). No post-money valuation disclosed; $40M Series B (2025-11-12), >$58M total raised. Full entry · Primary
GXO Logistics
Multi-brand humanoid deployer in live warehouses. Public — NYSE (US): GXO. $5.67B mkt cap as of 2026-07-14 (share price $49.28). Full entry · Primary
Holman (formerly ARI / Automotive Rentals Inc.)
Founding proof of the third-party fleet-management industry. Private (US). No disclosed valuation; never raised institutional capital; third-party trackers estimate revenue up to $10B (Owler). Full entry · Primary
InOrbit.AI
Multi-brand robot-orchestration platform, Open-RMF fleet adapter. Private (US). No post-money valuation disclosed; $10M Series A announced 2025-09-30. Full entry · Primary
Intrinsic (Alphabet) — and Open-RMF
Owner of Open-RMF multi-fleet interoperability middleware. Subsidiary (US); listed parent NASDAQ: GOOGL. Not separately capitalised; sits within Alphabet's Other Bets; no standalone valuation disclosed. Full entry · Primary
Jabil
Contract manufacturer producing Apptronik's Apollo. Public — NYSE (US): JBL. $33.85B mkt cap as of 2026-07-14 (share price $323.03). Full entry · Primary
ManpowerGroup
Third staffing major, most vivid body-shop margin illustration. Public — NYSE (US): MAN. $1.83B mkt cap as of 2026-07-14 (share price $39.28). Full entry · Primary
Mercedes-Benz Group
Second flagship humanoid customer and investor in Apptronik. Public — XETRA (Germany): MBG. €40.94B mkt cap as of 2026-07-14 (share price €45.11). Full entry · Primary
Palantir Technologies
Precedent for forward-deployed services compounding to product margins. Public — NASDAQ (US): PLTR. $321.98B mkt cap as of 2026-07-14 (share price $134.31). Full entry · Primary
Randstad
Labour-brokerage margin-floor comparison, largest staffing firm. Public — Euronext Amsterdam (Netherlands): RAND. €5.26B mkt cap as of 2026-07-14 (share price €30.00). Full entry · Primary
Samsara
Telematics vendor turning fleet data into an underwriting asset. Public — NYSE (US): IOT. $21.85B mkt cap as of 2026-07-14 (share price $37.49). Full entry · Primary
The Adecco Group
Second staffing major establishing labour-brokerage margin floor. Public — SIX Swiss Exchange (Switzerland): ADEN. CHF 3.19B mkt cap as of 2026-07-14 (share price CHF 17.79). Full entry · Primary
Finance, ratings, securitization, insurance
AerCap Holdings N.V.
World's largest aircraft lessor, roll-up model. Public — NYSE (Ireland): AER. ~$23.3B mkt cap at $147.67/share (2026-07-14). Full entry · Primary
China Pacific Insurance (Group) Co., Ltd. (CPIC)
First carrier to launch dedicated humanoid-robot commercial insurance. Public — HKEX (China): 2601. ~HK$310.2B mkt cap at HK$27.86/share (2026-07-14). Full entry · Primary
CoreWeave, Inc.
AI neocloud, GPU-debt-as-collateral proof point. Public — NASDAQ (US): CRWV. ~$43.3B mkt cap at $79.34/share (2026-07-14). Full entry · Primary
Equifax Inc.
Oldest credit bureau, dominant historical referee case. Public — NYSE (US): EFX. ~$20.0B mkt cap at $167.94/share (2026-07-14). Full entry · Primary
Experian plc
Largest of three consumer credit bureaus by revenue. Public — London Stock Exchange (Ireland): EXPN. ~£23.8B (~$32B) mkt cap at 2,654 GBX (2026-07-14). Full entry · Primary
First Solar, Inc.
Western PV maker that survived Chinese price collapse. Public — NASDAQ (US): FSLR. ~$23.9B mkt cap at $222.70/share (2026-07-14). Full entry · Primary
Framework Ventures
Crypto-native VC positioning tokenization as robotics financing layer. Private (US). no valuation; fourth fund FVIV closed oversubscribed at $400M (~26 Jun 2026), ~half deployed. Full entry · Primary
GM Financial (General Motors Financial Company, Inc.) / General Motors
Archetypal captive finance arm, GMAC historical model. Subsidiary (US); listed parent NYSE: GM. GM Financial has no separate market value; parent General Motors ~$68.7B mkt cap at $76.20/share (2026-07-14). Full entry · Primary
Guinness Peat Aviation (GPA) → GE Capital Aviation Services (GECAS)
Over-levered aircraft-lessor pioneer, cautionary precedent. Historical (Ireland). aborted ~$850M IPO June 1992; GE bought 44 of 464 aircraft for $1.4B (1993); AerCap acquired GECAS from GE for ~$30B (closed Nov 2021). Full entry · Primary
John Deere Financial (John Deere Capital Corporation) / Deere & Company
OEM captive financing its own machines, warning case. Subsidiary (US); listed parent NYSE: DE. JDCC has no separate market value; parent Deere & Company ~$157.0B mkt cap at $581.55/share (2026-07-14). Full entry · Primary
KBRA (Kroll Bond Rating Agency, LLC)
Challenger NRSRO, ABS asset-class taxonomy source. Private (US). Wharf Street acquired ~90% stake (late 2021) valuing KBRA at >$300M (press-reported). Full entry · Primary
Koop Technologies
Robotics/AV insurtech underwriting off live telemetry API. Private (US). no valuation disclosed; total disclosed funding ~$5.7M ($2.5M seed 2021 + ~$3.2M round 2023). Full entry · Primary
Lambda (Lambda Labs, Inc.)
GPU cloud, ran first GPU-backed ABS. Private (US). Series E $1.5B+ (Nov 2025, TWG Global-led); no company-disclosed post-money; secondary marks imply ~$9B (mid-2026). Full entry · Primary
Macquarie Group Limited
Led first GPU-backed ABS (Lambda facility). Public — ASX (Australia): MQG. ~A$93.3B mkt cap at A$253.04/share (2026-07-14). Full entry · Primary
Moody's Corporation
Ratings duopoly member, toll-booth-economics comp. Public — NYSE (US): MCO. ~$86.1B mkt cap at $492.90/share (2026-07-14). Full entry · Primary
Morningstar DBRS (DBRS, Inc.)
Rated CoreWeave's DDTL 4.0 A(low). Subsidiary (US); listed parent NASDAQ: MORN. acquired by Morningstar for $669M (2019); no standalone cap; parent Morningstar public. Full entry · Primary
Mosaic Insurance
Lloyd's-backed insurer, first parametric AI performance cover with Munich Re. Private (US). no valuation disclosed; initial capitalisation $185M at launch (Feb 2021). Full entry · Primary
Munich Re (Münchener Rückversicherungs-Gesellschaft AG) / HSB (Hartford Steam Boiler)
World's largest reinsurer, AI liability + performance cover (aiSure). Public — XETRA (Germany): MUV2. ~€64.75B mkt cap at €512.00/share (2026-07-14). Full entry · Primary
PICC (The People's Insurance Company (Group) of China) / PICC Property and Casualty
China's largest P&C insurer, writes humanoid-robot policies. Public — HKEX (China): 1339. PICC Group ~HK$336.7B mkt cap at HK$5.03/share (2026-07-14). Full entry · Primary
Ping An Insurance (Group) Company of China, Ltd.
Largest private Chinese insurer, robot insurance + credit + IPO bundle. Public — HKEX (China): 2318. ~HK$1.01 trillion mkt cap at HK$53.70/share (2026-07-14). Full entry · Primary
Relm Insurance Ltd.
Early Western carrier writing affirmative AI liability wrap. Private (Bermuda). no disclosed valuation; only traceable investor is Plug and Play Insurtech (amount undisclosed). Full entry · Primary
Robonnement
Closest existing thing to a robot-collateralized financing (RaaS). Private (Switzerland). no equity valuation disclosed; €15M asset-based financing closed Dec 2024. Full entry · Primary
S&P Global Inc.
Ratings duopoly member, rated SolarCity 2013-1. Public — NYSE (US): SPGI. ~$129.4B mkt cap at $437.04/share (2026-07-14). Full entry · Primary
SolarCity (now Tesla Energy / Tesla, Inc.)
First distributed-solar securitization (2013-1). Subsidiary (US); listed parent NASDAQ: TSLA. no standalone cap; acquired by Tesla for ~$2.6B stock (Nov 2016); parent Tesla ~$1.48T mkt cap at $395.35/share (2026-07-14). Full entry · Primary
Sunnova Energy International Inc.
Solar-ABS issuer whose sponsor went bankrupt, assets survived. Historical (US). delisted June 2025; assets sold via §363 for ~$118M against ~$8.9B long-term debt at filing. Full entry · Primary
Sunrun Inc.
Largest repeat solar-ABS issuer. Public — NASDAQ (US): RUN. ~$3.03B mkt cap at $12.70/share (2026-07-14). Full entry · Primary
Switch, Inc. (Switch, Ltd.)
Largest issuer of data-center ABS. Private (US). ~$11B enterprise value at Dec 2022 take-private (DigitalBridge/IFM); no public mark since. Full entry · Primary
Textainer Group Holdings Limited
#2 intermodal-container lessor. Private (Bermuda). ~$7.4B aggregate enterprise value, acquired by Stonepeak, closed Mar 2024 ($50.00/share cash). Full entry · Primary
The Progressive Corporation
Telematics-underwriting precedent for robot telemetry pricing. Public — NYSE (US): PGR. ~$132.7B mkt cap at $227.12/share (2026-07-14). Full entry · Primary
TransUnion
Third seat in credit-bureau oligopoly. Public — NYSE (US): TRU. ~$14.6B mkt cap at $75.90/share (2026-07-14). Full entry · Primary
Triton International Limited
World's largest intermodal-container lessor. Private (Bermuda). $13.3B take-private (Apr 2023, $85.00/share); parent Brookfield Infrastructure Partners ~$17.65B mkt cap at $38.11/unit (2026-07-14). Full entry · Primary
Standards bodies, forecasters, historical precedents
A2LA and ANAB (the accreditation bodies — and the accreditation cost)
US accreditation gatekeepers for ISO/IEC 17020 and 17025. Nonprofit (US). Not applicable to either (nonprofit accreditation bodies); no disclosed valuation. Full entry · Primary
ARK Invest
Top-end forecaster; ~$24T full-substitution TAM. Private (US). No corporate valuation disclosed; AUM in the tens of billions across ETFs. Full entry · Primary
ASTM Committee F45 (Robotics, Automation and Autonomous Systems)
US robotics standards committee; second absence confirmation. Nonprofit (US). Not applicable (nonprofit standards developer). Full entry · Primary
Bank of America (BofA Global Research / BofA Institute)
Source of 1.2M-by-2030 shipment forecast and BoM cost curve. Public — NYSE (US): BAC. $427.04B as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
Bureau Veritas
French TIC major sizing the industry alongside SGS. Public — Euronext Paris (France): BVI. €12.18B as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
China MIIT / CESI (MIIT/TC08 — National Technical Committee on Humanoid Robots and Embodied Intelligence)
Chinese state body defining humanoid/embodied-AI standards first. State institution (China). Not applicable (ministry/state institute); 120+ participating institutes. Full entry · Primary
Equitable Life (Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorships, 1762)
Oldest precedent: mortality data turned gambling into priced insurance. Historical (UK). Not applicable (mutual society, never listed); closed to new business 2000, book sold to Utmost 2019/2020. Full entry · Primary
ETS (Educational Testing Service)
Nonprofit exam owner; GRE/TOEFL/TOEIC/Praxis precedent. Nonprofit (US). No market cap (nonprofit); total assets $1.71B (FY ending Sept 2024). Full entry · Primary
Global Crossing
Fibre-buildout bankruptcy precedent; infrastructure outlived financiers. Historical (US). Zero at emergence; $22.4B assets vs $12.4B debt at Jan 2002 filing. Full entry · Primary
Grand View Research
Outside-anchor sizer of the data collection/labeling market. Private (US). No valuation disclosed; no announced funding rounds. Full entry · Primary
IDTechEx
Bottom-end forecaster; $29.5B realizable market by 2036. Private (UK). No valuation disclosed; privately held, self-funded research publisher. Full entry · Primary
IEEE RAS (Robotics and Automation Society)
IEEE robotics standards sponsor; third absence confirmation. Nonprofit (US). Not applicable (nonprofit professional society). Full entry · Primary
IFR (International Federation of Robotics)
Industrial-robot installed-base statistics body. Nonprofit (Germany). Not applicable (nonprofit trade association); no disclosed valuation. Full entry · Primary
Interact Analysis
China data-center count source and sober independent forecaster. Private (UK). No valuation disclosed; no funding rounds announced. Full entry · Primary
Intertek
UK TIC major, EU Machinery Regulation notified-body source. Public — LSE (UK): ITRK. £8.92B as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
ISO/TC 299 (Robotics)
Robot-standards committee; absence confirmation of a robot-hour unit. Nonprofit (Sweden). Not applicable (ISO committee); 34 published standards, 23 under development (2026). Full entry · Primary
Kongsberg
Norwegian control-software half of the 1987 export-control precedent. Historical (Norway). 1987 entity dissolved with no surviving market value; successor Kongsberg Gruppen trades as OSE: KOG. Full entry · Primary
Lucent Technologies
Vendor-financing precedent, lent customers money to buy its gear. Historical (US). Peak ~$285B (Dec 1999); fell to ~$11B by the 2006 Alcatel merger. Full entry · Primary
McKinsey & Company
Source of the 40-60% actuator share of humanoid BoM. Private (US). No market cap (partnership); ~$16B revenue reported for 2023 (unaudited). Full entry · Primary
Morgan Stanley
Most-cited forecaster; Humanoid 100 map and 2050 fleet figure. Public — NYSE (US): MS. $358.44B as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology)
US metrology agency staking humanoid benchmark seat. State institution (US). Not applicable (federal agency); FY2025 appropriation ~$1.535B. Full entry · Primary
Nortel Networks
Vendor-financing precedent; absorbed customers' credit risk. Historical (Canada). Zero (liquidated); peak >1/3 of total TSX valuation (2000). Full entry · Primary
PCI Security Standards Council
Private spec (Visa CISP) that became mandatory industry standard. Private (US). No market cap; industry body owned jointly by five card brands. Full entry · Primary
Retail Credit Company → Equifax
Credit-bureau precedent for whoever accumulates the record first. Public — NYSE (US): EFX. $20.0B as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
Robocurve
First-mover startup on the private robot-eval seat. Private (US). No valuation disclosed; YC S26 standard deal only ($125k+$375k SAFEs). Full entry · Primary
Sequoia Capital
Source of "AI's $600B Question" capex-to-revenue gap thesis. Private (US). No corporate valuation; VC partnership managing tens of billions across funds. Full entry · Primary
SGS
Largest TIC group; issued first ISO/IEC 5259-3 AI data cert. Public — SIX Swiss Exchange (Switzerland): SGSN. CHF 18.83B as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
Toshiba Machine (Toshiba–Kongsberg scandal, 1987)
Export-control precedent for machine-tool chokepoints. Historical (Japan). Not meaningful for the 1987 entity; successor Shibaura Machine (TSE: 6104) is a listed mid-cap. Full entry · Primary
TrendForce
Bear-anchor forecaster; 50,000-unit 2026 shipment estimate. Private (Taiwan). No valuation disclosed; privately held Taiwanese research firm. Full entry · Primary
TÜV Rheinland
Second German TIC comp, Halos cert body. Private (Germany). No market cap (association-owned); FY2025 revenue €2.98B. Full entry · Primary
TÜV SÜD
European certification-model comp, Halos cert body. Private (Germany). No market cap (foundation/association-owned); FY2025 revenue ~€3.6B. Full entry · Primary
UL Solutions
Listed safety-certification incumbent, Halos cert body. Public — NYSE (US): ULS. $17.74B as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
Underwriters Laboratories (the 1894 founding)
Founding precedent: insurer-demanded neutral testing. Historical (US). 1894 lab had $350 of equipment; commercial descendant UL Solutions is $17.74B as of 2026-07-14. Full entry · Primary
WorldCom
Telecom-bankruptcy precedent for financing collapse. Historical (US). Zero (equity wiped out in bankruptcy); $103.9B in assets at July 2002 filing. Full entry · Primary